{"id":1207,"date":"2026-05-20T03:49:46","date_gmt":"2026-05-20T03:49:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pto-gearbox.net\/?p=1207"},"modified":"2026-05-20T03:49:46","modified_gmt":"2026-05-20T03:49:46","slug":"feed-mixer-gearbox-engineering-for-extreme-torque-loads","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pto-gearbox.net\/ru\/feed-mixer-gearbox-engineering-for-extreme-torque-loads\/","title":{"rendered":"Feed Mixer Gearbox: Engineering for Extreme Torque Loads"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"position: relative; min-height: 420px; background: url('https:\/\/pto-gearbox.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Manure-Spreader-Gearbox-1.webp') center\/cover no-repeat; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; text-align: center; padding: clamp(60px, 10vw, 120px) clamp(12px, 3vw, 32px); overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; background: rgba(11,26,48,0.65);\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"position: relative; z-index: 2; max-width: 860px;\">\n<h1 style=\"font-family: 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: clamp(26px, 5vw, 46px); font-weight: 800; color: #ffffff; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.5px;\">Feed Mixer Gearbox: Engineering for Extreme Torque Loads<\/h1>\n<p style=\"font-family: 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: clamp(14px, 2vw, 18px); color: rgba(255,255,255,0.85); line-height: 1.7; max-width: 680px; margin: 0 auto 24px;\">A single TMR (Total Mixed Ration) feed mixer on a large dairy operation processes 30,000 to 50,000 kg of feed material per day \u2014 dense, wet, fibrous material that resists being moved, cut, and blended. The gearbox driving each mixing auger carries some of the highest sustained torque loads of any PTO-driven application in agriculture, operating for 4 to 8 hours daily, 365 days per year, with zero tolerance for unplanned downtime.<\/p>\n<p><a style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 13px 32px; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f0b92b, #b8880f); color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; border-radius: 8px; text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#contact\">Get Technical Specifications<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"max-width: 1200px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 clamp(10px, 3vw, 32px); font-family: 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: clamp(15px, 1.6vw, 17px); color: #1c2d3f; line-height: 1.75; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word;\">\n<p><!-- ========== SECTION 1: What It Does ========== --><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: clamp(21px, 3.2vw, 30px); font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; line-height: 1.2; margin: 44px 0 16px; padding-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 3px solid #f0b92b;\">What a Feed Mixer Gearbox Does \u2014 And Why It Is Unique<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 16px;\">\u0410 <a style=\"color: #d4a017; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/pto-gearbox.net\/ru\/product-category\/pto-gearbox\/\">\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439<\/a> converts tractor PTO speed into the extremely low RPM and extremely high torque needed to rotate one or more large auger screws through a tub filled with dense feed material. Where a rotary cutter PTO gearbox might reduce 540 RPM to 350 RPM (a 1.5:1 ratio), and a baler gearbox might reduce to 40 RPM (a 13:1 ratio), a feed mixer gearbox typically delivers 15 to 30 RPM at the auger \u2014 requiring total reduction ratios of 18:1 to 36:1 or more.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 16px;\">These extreme ratios cannot be achieved with a single gear set in a practical package size. Feed mixer gearboxes therefore use multi-stage reduction \u2014 often combining a right-angle bevel input stage with one or more planetary gear stages that multiply torque to levels that dwarf almost every other agricultural PTO application. A 100 PTO HP tractor delivering 540 RPM and approximately 975 ft-lb of input torque, run through a 25:1 gearbox at 95% efficiency, produces roughly 23,000 ft-lb of output torque at 21.6 RPM. This is the engineering reality inside the gearbox housing of a large TMR mixer.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 16px;\">The consequences of gearbox failure in feed mixing are immediate and severe. A dairy herd that misses its TMR ration drops milk production within 24 hours. A beef feedlot that cannot deliver the daily ration faces both production losses and animal welfare obligations. Feed mixer gearbox reliability is not merely an equipment concern \u2014 it is a livestock management imperative.<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: 28px 0; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%; height: auto; display: block;\" src=\"https:\/\/pto-gearbox.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Feed-Mixer-Gearbox-1.webp\" alt=\"Feed Mixer Gearbox product\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" title=\"\"><\/div>\n<p><!-- ========== SECTION 2: Planetary Gear Trains ========== --><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: clamp(21px, 3.2vw, 30px); font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; line-height: 1.2; margin: 44px 0 16px; padding-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 3px solid #f0b92b;\">Planetary Gear Trains: Why Feed Mixers Use Them<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 16px;\">Planetary (epicyclic) gear systems are the defining mechanical feature of feed mixer gearboxes. A planetary gear set consists of a central sun gear, an outer ring gear (annulus), and three or four planet gears mounted on a carrier that rotates between the sun and the ring. This arrangement provides several critical advantages over simple spur or bevel gear sets for the feed mixing application:<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: 20px 0;\">\n<div style=\"display: flex; gap: clamp(10px, 2vw, 16px); margin-bottom: 16px; align-items: flex-start;\">\n<p><span style=\"flex-shrink: 0; width: 32px; height: 32px; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #0b1a30, #162d50); color: #f0b92b; font-weight: 800; font-size: 14px; border-radius: 50%; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 4px; font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; font-size: clamp(14px, 1.6vw, 16px);\">Extreme Torque Density<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; color: #4a5d73; font-size: clamp(13px, 1.4vw, 15px); line-height: 1.65;\">Multiple planet gears share the load simultaneously \u2014 typically three or four planets, each carrying approximately one-third or one-quarter of the total torque. This means a planetary gearbox can transmit 3\u20134\u00d7 the torque of a same-diameter parallel-shaft gearbox. For feed mixers, this allows the gearbox to fit within the constrained space beneath the mixing tub while still handling 20,000+ ft-lb of output torque.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; gap: clamp(10px, 2vw, 16px); margin-bottom: 16px; align-items: flex-start;\">\n<p><span style=\"flex-shrink: 0; width: 32px; height: 32px; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #0b1a30, #162d50); color: #f0b92b; font-weight: 800; font-size: 14px; border-radius: 50%; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 4px; font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; font-size: clamp(14px, 1.6vw, 16px);\">High Ratio in Compact Stages<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; color: #4a5d73; font-size: clamp(13px, 1.4vw, 15px); line-height: 1.65;\">A single planetary stage achieves ratios of 3:1 to 10:1, depending on the sun-to-ring gear tooth count. Two stages in series achieve 9:1 to 100:1. A two-stage planetary combined with a bevel input stage easily reaches the 18:1 to 36:1 total ratio that feed mixing requires \u2014 in a housing small enough to mount vertically beneath the mixer tub floor.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; gap: clamp(10px, 2vw, 16px); margin-bottom: 16px; align-items: flex-start;\">\n<p><span style=\"flex-shrink: 0; width: 32px; height: 32px; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #0b1a30, #162d50); color: #f0b92b; font-weight: 800; font-size: 14px; border-radius: 50%; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 4px; font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; font-size: clamp(14px, 1.6vw, 16px);\">Coaxial Input\/Output<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; color: #4a5d73; font-size: clamp(13px, 1.4vw, 15px); line-height: 1.65;\">The output shaft (planet carrier or ring gear, depending on the configuration) is concentric with the input. This allows the auger shaft to connect directly below the gearbox without offset adapters or coupling shafts \u2014 simplifying the structural connection between gearbox and auger and eliminating alignment-sensitive components.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; gap: clamp(10px, 2vw, 16px); align-items: flex-start;\">\n<p><span style=\"flex-shrink: 0; width: 32px; height: 32px; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #0b1a30, #162d50); color: #f0b92b; font-weight: 800; font-size: 14px; border-radius: 50%; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 4px; font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; font-size: clamp(14px, 1.6vw, 16px);\">Balanced Radial Loads<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; color: #4a5d73; font-size: clamp(13px, 1.4vw, 15px); line-height: 1.65;\">Because multiple planet gears are symmetrically arranged around the sun, the radial bearing loads from gear mesh forces cancel each other out. This dramatically reduces bearing stress compared to a two-gear parallel shaft arrangement where all the separating force is concentrated on a single bearing set. In a continuous-duty application like feed mixing, this balanced loading extends bearing life significantly.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ========== SECTION 3: Single vs Dual Auger ========== --><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: clamp(21px, 3.2vw, 30px); font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; line-height: 1.2; margin: 44px 0 16px; padding-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 3px solid #f0b92b;\">Single vs. Dual Auger Configurations and Gearbox Implications<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 16px;\">Feed mixers are built in two fundamental configurations, and the gearbox requirements differ substantially between them:<\/p>\n<div style=\"display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(260px, 1fr)); gap: 14px; margin: 24px 0;\">\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #dce3ec; border-radius: 12px; padding: clamp(14px, 2.5vw, 20px);\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 6px; font-size: 20px;\">1\ufe0f\u20e3<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 4px; font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; font-size: clamp(14px, 1.6vw, 16px);\">Single Auger (Vertical Mixer)<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; color: #4a5d73; font-size: clamp(13px, 1.4vw, 15px); line-height: 1.65;\">One large vertical auger rotates inside a round or conical tub. Feed is drawn down through the center and pushed up along the tub walls. One gearbox per auger, mounted at the tub floor. The gearbox carries the full mixing load on a single output shaft. Typical in mixers up to 500 cubic feet capacity (small-to-medium dairy operations).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #dce3ec; border-radius: 12px; padding: clamp(14px, 2.5vw, 20px);\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 6px; font-size: 20px;\">2\ufe0f\u20e3<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 4px; font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; font-size: clamp(14px, 1.6vw, 16px);\">Dual Auger (Twin-Screw Mixer)<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; color: #4a5d73; font-size: clamp(13px, 1.4vw, 15px); line-height: 1.65;\">Two counter-rotating vertical augers share the mixing load. Each auger has its own gearbox, driven by a common input shaft from the PTO through a cross-shaft distribution gearbox. The total torque is split between two gearboxes, but both must be synchronized to prevent the augers from working against each other. Typical in large commercial mixers 500\u20131,200+ cubic feet.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 16px;\">In dual-auger designs, the synchronization mechanism is critical \u2014 if one auger runs slightly faster than the other, the feed material gets pushed to one side of the tub, creating uneven mixing and asymmetric structural loads on the mixer chassis. Precision gear manufacturing (AGMA 10+ quality) in the distribution gearbox ensures both auger drives receive equal torque at equal speed. Cheaper gearboxes with looser tolerances allow enough speed variation between sides to compromise ration uniformity \u2014 a problem that is invisible until milk production data or feed conversion ratios reveal the inconsistency.<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: 28px 0; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; max-width: 100%;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%; height: auto; display: block;\" src=\"https:\/\/pto-gearbox.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Feed-Mixer-Gearbox-Dimension-1.webp\" alt=\"Feed Mixer Gearbox Dimension drawing\" width=\"1086\" height=\"1448\" title=\"\"><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-size: clamp(12px, 1.3vw, 13px); color: #7a8ea3; margin-top: 8px; font-style: italic;\">Feed mixer gearbox dimensional reference \u2014 vertical mounting configuration with input shaft and output flange for direct auger connection<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ========== SECTION 4: Feed Density and Torque Calculation ========== --><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: clamp(21px, 3.2vw, 30px); font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; line-height: 1.2; margin: 44px 0 16px; padding-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 3px solid #f0b92b;\">Calculating Gearbox Capacity from Feed Density and Tub Volume<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 16px;\">Feed mixer gearbox sizing starts with the mass of material the auger must move. TMR feed density varies dramatically depending on the ingredients:<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto; width: 100%; margin: 24px 0;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: clamp(13px, 1.6vw, 15px); word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background: linear-gradient(135deg, #0b1a30, #162d50);\">\n<th style=\"padding: 12px 14px; color: #ffffff; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;\">Feed Component<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 12px 14px; color: #ffffff; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;\">Bulk Density (kg\/m\u00b3)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 12px 14px; color: #ffffff; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;\">Mixing Difficulty<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 12px 14px; color: #ffffff; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;\">Torque Factor<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce3ec;\">Dry hay (chopped)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce3ec;\">60\u2013120<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce3ec;\">\u041d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce3ec;\">1.0\u00d7 (baseline)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f4f6f9;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce3ec;\">Corn silage<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce3ec;\">250\u2013350<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce3ec;\">\u0423\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce3ec;\">1.5\u00d7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce3ec;\">Wet distillers grains<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce3ec;\">400\u2013550<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce3ec;\">\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce3ec;\">2.0\u00d7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f4f6f9;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce3ec;\">Grain \/ concentrate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce3ec;\">600\u2013800<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce3ec;\">\u0423\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce3ec;\">1.8\u00d7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce3ec;\">Complete TMR mix (typical)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce3ec;\">300\u2013500<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce3ec;\">\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dce3ec;\">2.0\u20132.5\u00d7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 16px;\">The gearbox must be sized for the highest-density loading scenario, not the average. A 600-cubic-foot mixer loaded with wet distillers grains and silage can weigh 8,000\u201312,000 kg when fully loaded \u2014 and the auger must rotate this entire mass while simultaneously cutting through long-fiber hay to achieve a uniform mix. The torque required to initiate rotation from standstill (startup torque) is 1.5\u00d7 to 2.5\u00d7 higher than the torque needed to maintain rotation once the material is moving.<\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #f4f6f9; border-left: 4px solid #f0b92b; border-radius: 0 10px 10px 0; padding: clamp(16px, 3vw, 24px); margin: 24px 0;\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 8px; font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; font-size: clamp(15px, 1.8vw, 17px);\">\u26a0\ufe0f The Startup Torque Problem<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; color: #4a5d73; font-size: clamp(14px, 1.5vw, 16px); line-height: 1.7;\">The most dangerous moment for a feed mixer gearbox is the first revolution after loading. The material has settled and compacted during the loading sequence, and the auger must break it free from a dead stop. If the operator has loaded heavy ingredients first (grain, then silage on top), the compacted bottom layer creates a startup torque spike that can exceed 3\u00d7 the steady-state running torque. Quality gearboxes are rated for this startup condition. Budget gearboxes rated only for running torque fail during their first cold start with a full load \u2014 typically by shearing a sun gear shaft or fracturing a planet gear tooth at the root.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ========== SECTION 5: Thermal Management ========== --><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: clamp(21px, 3.2vw, 30px); font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; line-height: 1.2; margin: 44px 0 16px; padding-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 3px solid #f0b92b;\">Thermal Management for Continuous-Duty Feed Mixing<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 16px;\">Feed mixers operate in a continuous-duty cycle that distinguishes them from almost every other PTO application. A dairy operation runs the mixer 4\u20138 hours per day, every day, year-round. A commercial feedlot may run multiple mixing cycles per day, totaling 6\u201312 hours of operation. The gearbox must dissipate heat continuously throughout these long operating periods without exceeding the thermal limits of the gear oil or bearing grease.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 16px;\">Heat generation in a planetary gearbox comes from three sources: gear mesh friction (tooth-to-tooth contact under extreme pressure), bearing rolling friction (planet bearings carry enormous loads at low speed), and oil churning (less significant in feed mixer gearboxes because output speeds are so low \u2014 typically under 30 RPM). The dominant heat source is gear mesh friction, particularly in the high-torque planetary stages where contact pressure between the planet gear teeth and the ring gear reaches values approaching the material yield strength.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 16px;\">Because feed mixer gearboxes mount vertically beneath the mixing tub, natural convection is limited \u2014 heat cannot escape easily from a housing surrounded by the mixer frame structure. Quality manufacturers address this through generous housing wall thickness (which acts as a heat sink), machined external cooling fins that increase surface area for convection, and in some cases, provision for an external oil circulation pump that moves hot oil through an air-to-oil cooler mounted where airflow is available.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 16px;\">For dairy operations in warm climates running extended mixing cycles, synthetic gear oil (PAO-based EP 80W-90) provides a measurable temperature reduction compared to mineral oil \u2014 typically 8\u201315\u00b0C lower equilibrium temperature under the same load conditions. This temperature difference directly extends oil life, seal life, and bearing life.<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: 28px 0; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%; height: auto; display: block;\" src=\"https:\/\/pto-gearbox.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Manure-Spreader-Gearbox-1.webp\" alt=\"Manure Spreader Gearbox product\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" title=\"\"><\/div>\n<p><!-- ========== SECTION 6: Bearing Selection ========== --><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: clamp(21px, 3.2vw, 30px); font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; line-height: 1.2; margin: 44px 0 16px; padding-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 3px solid #f0b92b;\">Bearing Selection for Extreme Continuous Torque<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 16px;\">The bearing arrangement in a feed mixer gearbox must support the highest sustained loads of any <strong>\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447<\/strong> application \u2014 and do so for thousands of hours at very low speed. This low-speed, high-torque operating regime creates a specific engineering challenge: at output speeds below 30 RPM, the hydrodynamic oil film that normally separates rolling elements from the race surface may not develop fully. The bearings operate in the boundary lubrication regime, where direct metal-to-metal contact occurs at the microscopic level.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 16px;\">To survive in this regime, feed mixer gearboxes require bearings with premium-grade surface finish on both rollers and races, EP-additive gear oil that forms a chemical boundary film where hydrodynamic film is insufficient, and generous bearing size \u2014 oversized relative to the static load rating to ensure adequate contact area at the microscopic asperity level. Tapered roller bearings are universal in the main output position because they handle both the extreme radial load from the auger weight and the axial thrust from the helical auger screw simultaneously.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 16px;\">Planet bearings in the planetary stages present their own challenge. They spin faster than the output (typically 3\u20135\u00d7 output speed, or 60\u2013150 RPM) but carry enormous loads because each planet transmits one-third to one-quarter of the total torque. Full-complement needle roller bearings are common in this position because they maximize the number of rolling elements within the limited planet bore diameter, increasing load capacity without increasing package size.<\/p>\n<p><!-- ========== SECTION 7: Maintenance ========== --><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: clamp(21px, 3.2vw, 30px); font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; line-height: 1.2; margin: 44px 0 16px; padding-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 3px solid #f0b92b;\">Maintenance Practices for Feed Mixer Gearboxes<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 16px;\">The continuous-duty, year-round operating cycle of feed mixers means maintenance intervals arrive faster by calendar time than by operating hours compared to seasonal equipment. A feed mixer gearbox accumulates 1,500\u20133,000 operating hours per year \u2014 more than most farm implements accumulate in a decade.<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: 20px 0;\">\n<div style=\"display: flex; gap: clamp(8px, 2vw, 14px); margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: flex-start;\">\n<p><span style=\"flex-shrink: 0; color: #1db954; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 2px;\">\u2705<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: clamp(14px, 1.5vw, 16px); line-height: 1.65; color: #1c2d3f;\"><strong>Daily: Check oil level and condition<\/strong> \u2014 Before the first mixing cycle each day, verify the oil level at the sight glass. Look for cloudiness (water contamination from high-pressure tub washdown entering through seals) and metal particles (gear or bearing wear). Any anomaly requires immediate investigation \u2014 the cost of a premature oil change is negligible compared to a bearing failure during mixing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; gap: clamp(8px, 2vw, 14px); margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: flex-start;\">\n<p><span style=\"flex-shrink: 0; color: #1db954; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 2px;\">\u2705<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: clamp(14px, 1.5vw, 16px); line-height: 1.65; color: #1c2d3f;\"><strong>Every 250 hours: Full oil change<\/strong> \u2014 Feed mixer gearboxes operate at higher sustained loads than most PTO applications, degrading oil faster. Drain completely, inspect the magnetic drain plug for debris volume and particle type (fine silt = normal wear; chips or flakes = abnormal), and refill with fresh EP 80W-90 or synthetic equivalent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; gap: clamp(8px, 2vw, 14px); margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: flex-start;\">\n<p><span style=\"flex-shrink: 0; color: #1db954; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 2px;\">\u2705<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: clamp(14px, 1.5vw, 16px); line-height: 1.65; color: #1c2d3f;\"><strong>Every 500 hours: Seal inspection<\/strong> \u2014 Visually inspect all shaft seals for oil weepage. The vertical mounting of mixer gearboxes means gravity works against the lower output seal constantly. Replace any seal showing wetness before contaminated feed water enters the housing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; gap: clamp(8px, 2vw, 14px); margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: flex-start;\">\n<p><span style=\"flex-shrink: 0; color: #1db954; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 2px;\">\u2705<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: clamp(14px, 1.5vw, 16px); line-height: 1.65; color: #1c2d3f;\"><strong>Annually: Bearing assessment<\/strong> \u2014 With the mixer empty and the PTO disconnected, rotate the output by hand. Any perceptible roughness, catching, or resistance indicates bearing deterioration. Schedule replacement before the bearing fails \u2014 a failed planet bearing in a planetary gearbox contaminates the entire gear train with debris.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; gap: clamp(8px, 2vw, 14px); align-items: flex-start;\">\n<p><span style=\"flex-shrink: 0; color: #1db954; font-size: 18px; margin-top: 2px;\">\u2705<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: clamp(14px, 1.5vw, 16px); line-height: 1.65; color: #1c2d3f;\"><strong>Monitor PTO driveline condition<\/strong> \u2014 A worn <a style=\"color: #d4a017; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"http:\/\/cvjointdriveshaft.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0412\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0442\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/a> with loose U-joints transmits cyclic impact loads into the gearbox input bearing. In the continuous-duty environment of feed mixing, this damage accumulates rapidly. Replace U-joints proactively at the first sign of play.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ========== SECTION 8: Troubleshooting ========== --><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: clamp(21px, 3.2vw, 30px); font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; line-height: 1.2; margin: 44px 0 16px; padding-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 3px solid #f0b92b;\">Troubleshooting Feed Mixer Gearbox Problems<\/h2>\n<div style=\"margin: 20px 0;\">\n<div style=\"display: flex; gap: clamp(8px, 2vw, 14px); margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: flex-start;\">\n<p><span style=\"flex-shrink: 0; color: #e74c3c; font-size: 16px; margin-top: 3px;\">\u26a0\ufe0f<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: clamp(14px, 1.5vw, 16px); line-height: 1.65; color: #1c2d3f;\"><strong>Auger does not turn on full-load startup<\/strong> \u2014 The tractor stalls or the PTO overload clutch trips before the auger begins rotating. This indicates the startup torque exceeds the gearbox or tractor capacity. Loading sequence may be wrong \u2014 load lighter ingredients first, heavier ingredients on top. If the problem persists with correct loading order, the gearbox may be undersized for the tub volume and feed density.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; gap: clamp(8px, 2vw, 14px); margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: flex-start;\">\n<p><span style=\"flex-shrink: 0; color: #e74c3c; font-size: 16px; margin-top: 3px;\">\u26a0\ufe0f<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: clamp(14px, 1.5vw, 16px); line-height: 1.65; color: #1c2d3f;\"><strong>Abnormal noise during mixing<\/strong> \u2014 A new grinding, clicking, or whining sound during mixing operation indicates developing internal damage. Stop the mixer and drain an oil sample immediately. Metal particles confirm internal wear; grinding noise with clean oil may indicate a bearing beginning to spall. Do not continue operating \u2014 catastrophic failure in a loaded mixer requires emptying the tub before the gearbox can be accessed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; gap: clamp(8px, 2vw, 14px); margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: flex-start;\">\n<p><span style=\"flex-shrink: 0; color: #e74c3c; font-size: 16px; margin-top: 3px;\">\u26a0\ufe0f<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: clamp(14px, 1.5vw, 16px); line-height: 1.65; color: #1c2d3f;\"><strong>Gearbox overheating (housing too hot to touch)<\/strong> \u2014 Verify oil level and type. Confirm the tub is not overloaded beyond capacity. Check that the breather vent is clear (pressure buildup increases operating temperature). If the gearbox is correctly filled, not overloaded, and still overheating, the unit may lack sufficient thermal capacity for the duty cycle \u2014 consider upgrading to a larger housing size or switching to synthetic gear oil.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; gap: clamp(8px, 2vw, 14px); align-items: flex-start;\">\n<p><span style=\"flex-shrink: 0; color: #e74c3c; font-size: 16px; margin-top: 3px;\">\u26a0\ufe0f<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: clamp(14px, 1.5vw, 16px); line-height: 1.65; color: #1c2d3f;\"><strong>Oil leak at the output (bottom) seal<\/strong> \u2014 The vertical mounting means the full oil column height presses on the output seal. Combined with the extreme torque twisting the output shaft, seal wear is the most common maintenance item on mixer gearboxes. Replace the seal; also inspect the shaft surface for scoring or wear grooves that prevent a new seal from seating properly.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin: 28px 0; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 100%; height: auto; display: block;\" src=\"https:\/\/pto-gearbox.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/PTO-Gearbox-workshop-2.webp\" alt=\"\u041c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u041e\u041c\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" title=\"\"><\/div>\n<p><!-- ========== SECTION 9: Sourcing ========== --><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: clamp(21px, 3.2vw, 30px); font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; line-height: 1.2; margin: 44px 0 16px; padding-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 3px solid #f0b92b;\">Sourcing a Replacement Feed Mixer Gearbox<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 16px;\">Feed mixer gearbox replacement is not a job where the cheapest option is acceptable. The continuous-duty cycle, extreme torque loads, and direct impact on livestock production make quality the dominant purchasing criterion. When evaluating a replacement, confirm: planetary stage gear material (must be carburized alloy steel, not through-hardened carbon steel), planet bearing type and brand (named manufacturers only \u2014 SKF, NSK, NTN, Timken, or equivalent tier), output seal material (FKM minimum for the vertical-mounting, high-pressure-differential environment), and whether the manufacturer performs 100% load testing that includes a startup torque simulation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 16px;\">Because feed mixer gearboxes are application-specific, OEM part number cross-referencing is the most reliable PTO gearbox sourcing method. If you need a replacement for a specific mixer brand and model, <a style=\"color: #d4a017; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/pto-gearbox.net\/ru\/contact-us\/\">\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0439<\/a> with the OEM part number, mixer brand, tub volume, and number of augers. We verify dimensional compatibility, torque capacity, and thermal rating before shipment \u2014 because a feed mixer PTO gearbox failure is a livestock management emergency, not just an equipment inconvenience.<\/p>\n<p><!-- ========== SECTION 10: FAQ ========== --><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: clamp(21px, 3.2vw, 30px); font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; line-height: 1.2; margin: 44px 0 16px; padding-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 3px solid #f0b92b;\">\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b<\/h2>\n<div style=\"margin: 12px 0; border: 1px solid #dce3ec; border-radius: 10px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<details>\n<summary style=\"padding: 16px clamp(14px, 3vw, 22px); font-size: clamp(14px, 1.7vw, 16px); font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; cursor: pointer; list-style: none; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center;\">Why do feed mixer gearboxes use planetary gears instead of spur gears?<span style=\"font-size: 18px; color: #d4a017; flex-shrink: 0; margin-left: 12px;\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div style=\"padding: 0 clamp(14px, 3vw, 22px) 16px;\">\n<p style=\"font-size: clamp(13px, 1.5vw, 15px); color: #4a5d73; line-height: 1.75;\">Planetary gear sets achieve much higher torque density in a smaller package. Multiple planet gears share the load simultaneously, and the coaxial design allows the output shaft to align directly with the auger. A parallel-shaft spur gearbox capable of the same torque output would be 3\u20134\u00d7 larger in diameter \u2014 physically too big to fit beneath most mixer tubs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin: 12px 0; border: 1px solid #dce3ec; border-radius: 10px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<details>\n<summary style=\"padding: 16px clamp(14px, 3vw, 22px); font-size: clamp(14px, 1.7vw, 16px); font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; cursor: pointer; list-style: none; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center;\">How often should I change the oil in a feed mixer gearbox?<span style=\"font-size: 18px; color: #d4a017; flex-shrink: 0; margin-left: 12px;\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div style=\"padding: 0 clamp(14px, 3vw, 22px) 16px;\">\n<p style=\"font-size: clamp(13px, 1.5vw, 15px); color: #4a5d73; line-height: 1.75;\">Every 250 operating hours for mineral EP gear oil, or every 500 hours for synthetic. Given that feed mixers accumulate 1,500\u20133,000 hours per year, this means 6\u201312 oil changes per year with mineral oil, or 3\u20136 with synthetic. The higher cost of synthetic oil is offset by fewer changes and extended bearing life from better thermal stability.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin: 12px 0; border: 1px solid #dce3ec; border-radius: 10px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<details>\n<summary style=\"padding: 16px clamp(14px, 3vw, 22px); font-size: clamp(14px, 1.7vw, 16px); font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; cursor: pointer; list-style: none; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center;\">What PTO HP does my tractor need for a vertical feed mixer?<span style=\"font-size: 18px; color: #d4a017; flex-shrink: 0; margin-left: 12px;\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div style=\"padding: 0 clamp(14px, 3vw, 22px) 16px;\">\n<p style=\"font-size: clamp(13px, 1.5vw, 15px); color: #4a5d73; line-height: 1.75;\">The general guideline is 6\u201310 PTO HP per cubic meter of mixer tub volume, depending on feed density. A 400-cubic-foot (11.3 m\u00b3) mixer handling typical dairy TMR requires approximately 70\u2013115 PTO HP. The gearbox must be rated for at least 125% of the tractor&#8217;s maximum PTO HP, with additional margin for startup torque conditions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin: 12px 0; border: 1px solid #dce3ec; border-radius: 10px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<details>\n<summary style=\"padding: 16px clamp(14px, 3vw, 22px); font-size: clamp(14px, 1.7vw, 16px); font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; cursor: pointer; list-style: none; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center;\">Can I rebuild a feed mixer gearbox or should I replace it entirely?<span style=\"font-size: 18px; color: #d4a017; flex-shrink: 0; margin-left: 12px;\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div style=\"padding: 0 clamp(14px, 3vw, 22px) 16px;\">\n<p style=\"font-size: clamp(13px, 1.5vw, 15px); color: #4a5d73; line-height: 1.75;\">Planetary gearboxes can be rebuilt if the housing and ring gear are undamaged. Planet gears, sun gears, bearings, and seals are replaceable. However, the rebuild must be done by a shop with planetary gear assembly experience \u2014 planet gear phasing and pre-load settings are critical. If the housing shows cracks or the ring gear surface is damaged, a complete replacement unit is more reliable and often more cost-effective than a rebuild.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin: 12px 0; border: 1px solid #dce3ec; border-radius: 10px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<details>\n<summary style=\"padding: 16px clamp(14px, 3vw, 22px); font-size: clamp(14px, 1.7vw, 16px); font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; cursor: pointer; list-style: none; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center;\">What causes a feed mixer gearbox to fail during startup?<span style=\"font-size: 18px; color: #d4a017; flex-shrink: 0; margin-left: 12px;\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div style=\"padding: 0 clamp(14px, 3vw, 22px) 16px;\">\n<p style=\"font-size: clamp(13px, 1.5vw, 15px); color: #4a5d73; line-height: 1.75;\">Startup torque in a fully loaded mixer can reach 2.5\u20133\u00d7 running torque. If the gearbox is sized only for running torque (a common cost-cutting measure), the excess startup load fractures sun gear shafts, cracks planet gear teeth at the root, or shears input shaft splines. Always verify the gearbox startup torque rating \u2014 it must equal or exceed 2.5\u00d7 the continuous running torque.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin: 12px 0; border: 1px solid #dce3ec; border-radius: 10px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<details>\n<summary style=\"padding: 16px clamp(14px, 3vw, 22px); font-size: clamp(14px, 1.7vw, 16px); font-weight: bold; color: #0b1a30; cursor: pointer; list-style: none; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center;\">Should I keep a spare mixer gearbox on hand?<span style=\"font-size: 18px; color: #d4a017; flex-shrink: 0; margin-left: 12px;\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div style=\"padding: 0 clamp(14px, 3vw, 22px) 16px;\">\n<p style=\"font-size: clamp(13px, 1.5vw, 15px); color: #4a5d73; line-height: 1.75;\">For any operation where a single mixer serves the entire herd \u2014 absolutely yes. A feed mixer gearbox failure stops feeding operations entirely. Dairy herds lose production within 24 hours of a missed ration, and the cost of emergency air-freight for a replacement gearbox can exceed the cost of a spare unit. The spare pays for itself the first time it prevents a production interruption.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ========== CTA ========== --><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center; padding: clamp(40px, 8vw, 72px) clamp(16px, 4vw, 36px); background: linear-gradient(160deg, #0b1a30, #162d50 70%, #1e3a5f); border-radius: 18px; margin: 48px 0 0;\">\n<h2 style=\"font-family: 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: clamp(22px, 3.8vw, 36px); font-weight: 800; color: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 12px;\">Protect Your Feed Operation with the Right Gearbox<\/h2>\n<p style=\"font-family: 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: clamp(14px, 1.8vw, 16px); color: rgba(255,255,255,0.75); max-width: 580px; margin: 0 auto 24px; line-height: 1.7;\"><a style=\"color: #f0b92b; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/pto-gearbox.net\/ru\/\">\u0412\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0438\u043b\u0430<\/a> manufactures planetary <a style=\"color: #f0b92b; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/agriculturalgear-boxes.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447<\/a> solutions for feed mixers \u2014 rated for startup torque, verified for continuous thermal duty, and cross-referenced to all major TMR mixer brands.<\/p>\n<p><a style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 14px 36px; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f0b92b, #b8880f); color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; border-radius: 8px; text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#contact\">Get Technical Specifications<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440: Cxm<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Feed Mixer Gearbox: Engineering for Extreme Torque Loads A single TMR (Total Mixed Ration) feed mixer on a large dairy operation processes 30,000 to 50,000 kg of feed material per day \u2014 dense, wet, fibrous material that resists being moved, cut, and blended. The gearbox driving each mixing auger carries some of the highest sustained [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4042],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1207","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-agricultural-gearbox"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pto-gearbox.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1207","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pto-gearbox.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pto-gearbox.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pto-gearbox.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pto-gearbox.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1207"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pto-gearbox.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1207\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1209,"href":"https:\/\/pto-gearbox.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1207\/revisions\/1209"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pto-gearbox.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1207"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pto-gearbox.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1207"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pto-gearbox.net\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1207"}],"curies":[{"name":"WP","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}